<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=us-ascii"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 14 (filtered medium)"><!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Georgia;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;}
@font-face
{font-family:Chalkboard;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
pre
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text Char";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
span.apple-style-span
{mso-style-name:apple-style-span;}
span.EmailStyle18
{mso-style-type:personal;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D;}
span.HTMLPreformattedChar
{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
font-family:Consolas;}
span.EmailStyle21
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D;}
span.BalloonTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Balloon Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text";
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-AU link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I join Andrew in being glad that I am not teaching SD this year. Hope we get some real guidance before the end of the year. I know and appreciate all that Paula does and am sure that Claudia will do as well but we are getting into all kinds of excessive details and relatively new things. My training predates UCD’s so I had never heard of them before the study design.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>John<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><TABLE border=0 cellPadding=5 width=200>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TH scope=col><IMG align=left
src="cid:parade-colour-crest-small16c5.gif"
width=93 height=105></TH>
<TH scope=col noWrap>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
align=left>John Schwartz</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"
align=left> </P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"
align=left><FONT color=#800080>Parade College</FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"
align=left>1436 Plenty Road</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"
align=left>Bundoora, Victoria, 3083</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"
align=left>Phone: 03 9468 3300</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"
align=left>Fax: 03 9467 3937 </P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"
align=left></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"
align=left>e-mail: <A href="mailto:jschwartz@parade.vic.edu.au">jschwartz@parade.vic.edu.au</A> | web: <A
href="http://www.parade.vic.edu.au"
target=_blank>www.parade.vic.edu.au</A></P></TH></TR></TBODY></TABLE><br><P
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; align: left"
dir=ltr class=MsoNormal><U3:COUNTRY-REGION u4:st="on"><U3:PLACE u4:st="on"><SPAN
style="mso-bookmark: _MailAutoSig"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; mso-no-proof: yes">
</SPAN></B></SPAN></U3:PLACE></U3:COUNTRY-REGION><BR><A
title="Parade College Open Day: Sunday 14th February 2010"
href="http://www.parade.vic.edu.au/"><IMG style="WIDTH: 567px; HEIGHT: 116px"
border=0 hspace=0 alt="Wizard of Oz Musical Production"
src="cid:wizemailbanner6899.jpg"
width=567 height=116></A></P><br><DIV style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; align: left"
class=MsoNormal><U3:COUNTRY-REGION u4:st="on"><U3:PLACE u4:st="on"><SPAN
style="mso-bookmark: _MailAutoSig"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; mso-no-proof: yes">
<HR>
</DIV>
<DIV></SPAN></B></SPAN></U3:PLACE></U3:COUNTRY-REGION><U3:COUNTRY-REGION
u4:st="on"><U3:PLACE u4:st="on"><SPAN style="mso-bookmark: _MailAutoSig"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; COLOR: gray; FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"
lang=EN-US>This e-mail and any attachments may be confidential. You must not
disclose or use the information in this e-mail if you are not the intended
recipient. If you have received this e-mail in error, please notify <U3:PLACE
u11:st="on"><U3:PLACENAME u11:st="on"><U1:PLACE u2:insAuthor="Parade College"
u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z" u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><U1:PLACENAME u2:insAuthor="Parade College"
u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z" u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Parade</U1:PLACENAME></U1:PLACE></U3:PLACENAME></st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
<U3:PLACETYPE u11:st="on"><U1:PLACETYPE u2:insAuthor="Parade College"
u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z" u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">College</U1:PLACETYPE></U3:PLACETYPE></U3:PLACE></st1:PlaceType> on
(03) 9468 3300 immediately and delete the e-mail and all copies. <U3:PLACE
u11:st="on"><U3:PLACENAME u11:st="on"><U1:PLACE u2:insAuthor="Parade College"
u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z" u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><U1:PLACENAME u2:insAuthor="Parade College"
u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z" u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Parade</U1:PLACENAME></U1:PLACE></U3:PLACENAME></st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
<U3:PLACETYPE u11:st="on"><U1:PLACETYPE u2:insAuthor="Parade College"
u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z" u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">College</U1:PLACETYPE></U3:PLACETYPE></U3:PLACE></st1:PlaceType> does
not guarantee that this e-mail is virus or error free. The attached files are
provided and may only be used on the basis that the user assumes all
responsibility for any loss, damage or consequence resulting directly or
indirectly from the use of the attached files, whether caused by the negligence
of the sender or not. Any views expressed in this e-mail are the views of the
individual sending the message, and do not necessarily reflect the views held by
<U3:PLACE u11:st="on"><U3:PLACENAME u11:st="on"><U1:PLACE
u2:insAuthor="Parade College" u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"
u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><U1:PLACENAME u2:insAuthor="Parade College"
u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z" u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Parade</U1:PLACENAME></U1:PLACE></U3:PLACENAME></st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
<U3:PLACETYPE u11:st="on"><U1:PLACETYPE u2:insAuthor="Parade College"
u2:insDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z" u2:endInsAuthor="Parade College"
u2:endInsDate="2008-06-10T09:28:00Z"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">College.</U1:PLACETYPE></U3:PLACETYPE></U3:PLACE></st1:PlaceType></SPAN></SPAN></U3:PLACE></U3:COUNTRY-REGION></DIV><br><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Andrew Shortell [mailto:shortell@get2me.net] <br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, 1 May 2011 7:02 PM<br><b>To:</b> Year 12 Software Development Teachers' Mailing List<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Year 12 SofDev] Sample Exam Questions<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Y'all<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I really believe this indicated the teaching (and understanding of the teaching) that goes on in classrooms.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>At what point are we satisfied that teachers actually understand what they are teaching, are on the right "track", are NOT GUESSING, and really spend time to make sure their students understand really deep material that is referenced in only one (or two) KK.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I would because I like the concepts of stacks - and the difference between FIFO and LIFO, cells that have been previously populated with what is now GIGO etc etc.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>But given that this is quite deep for year 12 level students (or was until this study design) I would have moved on in the face of incomprehension.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Now we cannot.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>So how do we raise the level of knowledge of teachers so that they do NOT LET DOWN the trust of their students..?????<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>It is very obvious that we do not all have the same level of understanding... and hello to the 500 "readers who are too scared to post or do not feel confident in their opinions". One MIGHT presume that they are not posting because they are following the discussion in the hope of figuring out what it all means?<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>even the current Cert IV in IT does not include material like this that I have found! (NOTE my careful caveat!)<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I am just glad I am not teaching SD this year given the level of confusion in what a question like this might mean...!<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Andrew<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>ps even in VB, stacks (lists etc) start at zero but we can safely ignore that in a windoze environment<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Chalkboard;color:black'>Andrew Shortell</span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>Heidelberg Teaching Unit in 2011</span></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 01/05/2011, at 5:57 PM, Robert Hind wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hi all!</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>I have never taught SD. Stopped with CS way back. This has sent me way back to old texts - 70s and 80s</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>How about we ignore the bold entries in the original question and read it to mean that the stack is</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>92</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>75</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>23</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>83</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>52</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>and the Top-of-stack pointer = 1, ie the value 52.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>This is what the question seems to say.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>We then proceed through the steps as given in the question</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Start Push (23) Push (18) Pop Push (75) Push (92) Push (47)</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>92 92 92 92 92 92 *47<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>75 75 75 75 75 *92 92<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>23 23 *18 18 *75 75 75 <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>83 *23 23 *23 23 23 23<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>*52 52 52 52 52 52 52<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Where * indicates the top-of-stack pointer<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>So where is the problem? Except perhaps in the way the question has been written.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Robert Hind (Semi-retired) OOF, GOM<br>Ashwood and Traralgon<br><a href="mailto:robert@yinnar.com">robert@yinnar.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>----- Original Message ----- <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:#E4E4E4'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <a href="mailto:mikebr@tpg.com.au" title="mikebr@tpg.com.au">Mike Brookes</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>To:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <a href="mailto:sofdev@edulists.com.au" title="sofdev@edulists.com.au">Year 12 Software Development Teachers' Mailing List</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Sent:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> Sunday, May 01, 2011 4:56 PM<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Subject:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> Re: [Year 12 SofDev] Sample Exam Questions<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>G'Day again<br><br>Whilst 'tis true that this question on the end of year exam would unduly stress the little dears, to play devil's advocate, it does have a useful function as a sample to provoke discussion about what assumptions must be made. i.e. for the question to have a non trivial answer, what assumptions are necessary? <br><br>Firstly the memory locations used for the stack do not have to be initialised to 0 or any other value when the stack is created. The pointer is the only thing that must be initialised.<br><br>If you assume the stack starts at 1 instead of 0, then the stack will not be full after step 6 reducing the value of the question.<br><br>I also assumed that the bottom two values were in bold for a purpose, the most obvious (at least to me) being that they were valid existing members of the stack. <br>At the start of the question the stack is not full, the TOS pointer is 1, the stack would be full when it reaches 4, so the non-bold values were from previous uses of the stack. NB. a pop does not delete the value from the stack, it just changes the TOS pointer.<br><br>It may well be that a different set of assumptions will produce a meaningful answer, these were the first consistent set I thought of.<br><br>If you assume an empty stack at the start then, given that the pointer is 1 at the start of the question, the TOS pointer must point to the next available location (closer to convention) and the numbering must start at 1 instead of 0. In this case the stack is not full after step 6 so another push step would be needed in the question.<o:p></o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=817 style='width:612.75pt'><tr><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'></td><td style='border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm' width=784 colspan=13><p class='MsoNormal'> </td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td width=35 style='width:26.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'></td><td width=91 style='width:68.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=31 style='width:23.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=124 style='width:93.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=29 style='width:22.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=31 style='width:23.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=31 style='width:23.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td colspan=7 style='border:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Stack at start and after each step<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Step<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Function<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Top<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Output<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Start<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Step 1<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Step 2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Step 3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Step 4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Step 5<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Step 6<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>1<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Push (23)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Item added (23)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td rowspan=5 style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Stack position<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>5<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Push (18)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> 3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Item added (18)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>18<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>18<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>47<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Pop<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Item removed (18)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Push (75)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> 3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Item added (75)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>18<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>18<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>5<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Push (92)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Item added (92)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>1<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>52<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>6<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Push (47)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>5 <o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Item added (47)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Top<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>1<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>5<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><br>One would hope that a "real" question would at least have numbered the stack positions and provided a key to explain what the bold signified. A question to sort sheep from goats????????????<br><br>Mike<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'>1<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>On 1/05/2011 12:12 AM, Kevork Krozian wrote: <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Hi Mark and Mike,</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> I am a little late on the scene but have to support Mark here.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The question on stacks is more a puzzle than a reasonable problem for a student to solve in limited time.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The question begins with a picture of a stack to consider....... which suggests the starting position of the problem. Apparently it is in a full state .... and that can be determined from ?????</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Then, a push (23) is introduced. Hang on, I thought we had a stack to consider with 5 elements. Are we adding another 23 or picking up half way through the introduced stack ? </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Where is it suggested that the introduced stack is in a “stack full” state ? </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The push and pop operations are not the problem, just the starting position of the problem. When is the beginning is what got me first. The bold items were no help as I didn’t consider them to be significant.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Also, the item Top (1) might mean top of stack to the writer, but only adds to the confusion as it is not obvious it means the top of the stack when we start with a stack with 5 elements. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I have gone through my 2<sup>nd</sup> year Data Structures textbooks and have a strong recollection of the 1982 exams I did ( why wouldn’t I ?? ) on stacks and data structures and there was always a pointer or arrow (with a value in a variable ) showing the top of a stack at the beginning of a question and the requirement was to draw the stack through the various states after push and pop functions. Apart from that we either have empty or full states. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I can’t see how this question would have helped in any way to show student’s understanding of a stack and its functions.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Kind Regards</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Kevork Krozian</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Edulists Creator Administrator</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><a href="http://www.edulists.com.au/">www.edulists.com.au</a></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>tel: 0419 356 034</span><o:p></o:p></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> <a href="mailto:sofdev-bounces@edulists.com.au">sofdev-bounces@edulists.com.au</a> [<a href="mailto:sofdev-bounces@edulists.com.au">mailto:sofdev-bounces@edulists.com.au</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Mark KELLY<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, 27 April 2011 2:36 PM<br><b>To:</b> Year 12 Software Development Teachers' Mailing List<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Year 12 SofDev] Sample Exam Questions</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Thanks for the bone, Mike. Woof! It finally let me work out the many assumptions underlying the question: and after all that, I'm not wagging my tail.<br><br>I think the question is far from clear, and I doubt students would make much of it in a real exam.<br> <br>- It does not, for example, say that the stack is zero-based. If one assumes (as I did) that the stack indexing starts at 1, the whole thing changes and nothing makes sense.<br>- It does not indicate what the mysterious bolding of the bottom 2 items is meant to represent. If the examiners invent their own conventions, they should explain them to us.<br>- It does not tell us that the stack pointer in updated <b>before</b> a push/pop instead of being changed afterwards, as often happens. Again, this changes everything.<br>- One has to realise that the stack is expanding from the bottom and not from the top. Stacks are often represented growing in either direction.<br><br>When it comes to real-world stack implementation, there are so many different options such as these that I found the question mind-boggling while I went through the permutations of possible readings.<br><br>Grrr.<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 21 April 2011 14:45, Mike Brookes <<a href="mailto:mikebr@tpg.com.au">mikebr@tpg.com.au</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Mark et Al<br><br>For the question to make sense one has to make the assumption that the stack positions start at the bottom with position zero and go up to position 4 which is the top of the stack. At the start the bottom two (in bold on the PDF) are valid, hence the top of stack pointer showing 1. <br><br>Below is the completed table and the stack at the start and after each step:<o:p></o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=817 style='width:612.75pt'><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td width=35 style='width:26.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'></td><td width=91 style='width:68.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=31 style='width:23.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=124 style='width:93.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=29 style='width:22.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=31 style='width:23.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=31 style='width:23.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td colspan=7 style='border:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Stack at start and after each step<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Step<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Function<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Top<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Output<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Start<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Step 1<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Step 2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Step 3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Step 4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Step 5<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Step 6<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><p class=MsoNormal>1<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Push (23)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Item added (23)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td rowspan=5 style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Stack position<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><p class=MsoNormal>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Push (18)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Item added (18)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>18<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>18<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>75<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><p class=MsoNormal>3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Pop<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Item removed (18)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15pt'><p class=MsoNormal>4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Push (75)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Item added (75)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>1<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>83<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>5<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Push (92)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Item added (92)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>0<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>52<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>52<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>52<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>52<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>52<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>52<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>52<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>6<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Push (47)<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Stack full<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td></tr><tr style='height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt;MIN-HEIGHT: 15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Top<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>1<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>3<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>4<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>4<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><br><span style='color:#888888'>Mike Brookes <br>Semi retired gentleman from Copperfield College</span><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br>On 21/04/2011 1:35 PM, Mark KELLY wrote: <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Would someone be kind enough to throw me a bone about the stack question - Q3?<br><br>I thought I knew stack implementation from my assembly language days with Z80... this question feels like walking into someone's half-finished thought process. I'm really confused about this.After half an hour of conjecture, I’ve tried four times to ask a series of sensible questions to make sense of it, and have failed every time. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The only apparent answer involves time travel, reversed arrays, irrelevant stack pointers and bogus bolding of stack items. The relationship between the stack and the table is only the beginning of the problem...<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I’d be delighted if anyone could walk me through this...<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Regards<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Mark<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><br>_______________________________________________<br><a href="http://www.edulists.com.au/" target="_blank">http://www.edulists.com.au</a> - FAQ, Subscribe, Unsubscribe<br>IT Software Development Mailing List kindly supported by<br><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/" target="_blank">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au</a> - Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority and<br><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html" target="_blank">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html</a><br><a href="http://www.vitta.org.au/" target="_blank">http://www.vitta.org.au</a> - VITTA Victorian Information Technology Teachers Association Inc<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br><br clear=all><br>-- <br>Mark Kelly<br>Manager of ICT, Reporting, IT Learning Area<br>McKinnon Secondary College<br>McKinnon Rd McKinnon 3204, Victoria, Australia<br>Direct line / Voicemail: +613 8520 9085, Fax +613 9578 9253<br><a href="mailto:kel@mckinnonsc.vic.edu.au" target="_blank">kel@mckinnonsc.vic.edu.au</a><br>VCE IT Lecture Notes: <a href="http://vceit.com/" target="_blank">http://vceit.com</a><br>Moderator: IT Applications Edulist<br><br>All generalisations are false, except this one.<o:p></o:p></p><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://www.edulists.com.au/">http://www.edulists.com.au</a> - FAQ, Subscribe, Unsubscribe<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>IT Software Development Mailing List kindly supported by<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au</a> - Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority and<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html</a> <o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://www.vitta.org.au/">http://www.vitta.org.au</a> - VITTA Victorian Information Technology Teachers Association Inc<o:p></o:p></pre><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br><a href="http://www.edulists.com.au">http://www.edulists.com.au</a> - FAQ, Subscribe, Unsubscribe<br>IT Software Development Mailing List kindly supported by<br><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au</a> - Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority and<br><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html</a> <br><a href="http://www.vitta.org.au">http://www.vitta.org.au</a> - VITTA Victorian Information Technology Teachers Association Inc<o:p></o:p></p></blockquote><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br><a href="http://www.edulists.com.au">http://www.edulists.com.au</a> - FAQ, Subscribe, Unsubscribe<br>IT Software Development Mailing List kindly supported by<br><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au</a> - Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority and<br><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html</a> <br><a href="http://www.vitta.org.au">http://www.vitta.org.au</a> - VITTA Victorian Information Technology Teachers Association Inc<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br><a href="http://www.edulists.com.au">http://www.edulists.com.au</a> - FAQ, Subscribe, Unsubscribe<br>IT Software Development Mailing List kindly supported by<br><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au</a> - Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority and<br><a href="http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html">http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/infotech/softwaredevel3-4.html</a> <br><a href="http://www.vitta.org.au">http://www.vitta.org.au</a> - VITTA Victorian Information Technology Teachers Association Inc<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>